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  1. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.464
  2.  
  3.  
  4.  
  5. ==> games/connect.four.p <==
  6. Is there a winning strategy for Connect Four?
  7.  
  8. ==> games/connect.four.s <==
  9. An AI program has solved Connect Four for the standard 7 x 6 board.
  10. The conclusion: White wins, was confirmed by the brute force check made by
  11. James D. Allen, which has been published in rec.games.programmer.
  12.  
  13. The program called VICTOR consists of a pure knowledge-based evaluation
  14. function which can give three values to a position:
  15.  1 won by white,
  16.  0 still unclear.
  17. -1 at least a draw for Black,
  18.  
  19. This evaluation function is based on 9 strategic rules concerning the game,
  20. which all nine have been (mathematically) proven to be correct.
  21. This means that a claim made about the game-theoretical value of a position
  22. by VICTOR, is correct, although no search tree is built.
  23. If the result 1 or -1 is given, the program outputs a set of rules applied,
  24. indicating the way the result can be achieved.
  25. This way one evaluation can be used to play the game to the end without any
  26. extra calculation (unless the position was still unclear, of course).
  27.  
  28. Using the evaluation function alone, it has been shown that Black can at least
  29. draw the game on any 6 x (2n) board. VICTOR found an easy strategy for
  30. these boardsizes, which can be taught to anyone within 5 minutes. Nevertheless,
  31. this strategy had not been encountered before by any humans, as far as I know.
  32.  
  33. For 7 x (2n) boards a similar strategy was found, in case White does not
  34. start the game in the middle column. In these cases Black can therefore at
  35. least draw the game.
  36.  
  37. Furthermore, VICTOR needed only to check a few dozen positions to show
  38. that Black can at least draw the game on the 7 x 4 board.
  39.  
  40. Evaluation of a position on a 7 x 4 or 7 x 6 board costs between 0.01 and 10
  41. CPU seconds on a Sun4.
  42.  
  43. For the 7 x 6 board too many positions were unclear. For that reason a
  44. combination of Conspiracy-Number Search and Depth First Search was used
  45. to determine the game-theoretical value. This took several hundreds of hours
  46. on a Sun4.
  47.  
  48. The main reason for the large amount of search needed, was the fact that in
  49. many variations, the win for White was very difficult to achieve.
  50. This caused many positions to be unclear for the evaluation function.
  51.  
  52. Using the results of the search, a database will be constructed
  53. of roughly 500.000 positions with their game-theoretical value.
  54. Using this datebase, VICTOR can play against humans or other programs,
  55. winning all the time (playing White).  The average move takes less
  56. than a second of calculation (search in the database or evaluation
  57. of the position by the evaluation function).
  58.  
  59. Some variations are given below (columns and rows are numbered as is customary
  60. in chess):
  61.  
  62. 1. d1, ..  The only winning move.
  63.  
  64. After 1. .., a1 wins 2. e1. Other second moves for White has not been
  65. checked yet.
  66. After 1. .., b1 wins 2. f1. Other second moves for White has not been
  67. checked yet.
  68. After 1. .., c1 wins 2. f1. Only 2 g1 has not been checked yet. All other
  69. second moves for White give Black at least a draw.
  70. After 1. .., d2 wins 2. d3. All other second moves for White give black
  71. at least a draw.
  72.  
  73. A nice example of the difficulty White has to win:
  74.  
  75. 1. d1, d2
  76. 2. d3, d4
  77. 3. d5, b1
  78. 4. b2!
  79.  
  80. The first three moves for White are forced, while alternatives at the
  81. fourth moves of White are not checked yet.
  82.  
  83. A variation which took much time to check and eventually turned out
  84. to be at least a draw for Black, was:
  85.  
  86. 1. d1, c1
  87. 2. c2?, .. f1 wins, while c2 does not.
  88. 2. .., c3 Only move which gives Black the draw.
  89. 3. c4, .. White's best chance.
  90. 3. .., g1!! Only 3 .., d2 has not been checked completely, while all
  91.         other third moves for Black have been shown to lose.
  92.  
  93. The project has been described in my 'doctoraalscriptie' (Master thesis)
  94. which has been supervised by Prof.Dr H.J. van den Herik of the
  95. Rijksuniversiteit Limburg (The Netherlands).
  96.  
  97. I will give more details if requested.
  98.  
  99. Victor Allis.
  100. Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam.
  101. The Netherlands.
  102. victor@cs.vu.nl
  103.  
  104. ==> games/craps.p <==
  105. What are the odds in craps?
  106.  
  107. ==> games/craps.s <==
  108. The game of craps:
  109. There is a person who rolls the two dice, and then there is the house.
  110. 1) On the first roll, if a 7 or 11 comes up, the roller wins.
  111.    If a 2, 3, or 12 comes up the house wins.
  112.    Anything else is a POINT, and more rolling is necessary, as per rule 2.
  113. 2) If a POINT appears on the first roll, keep rolling the dice.
  114.    At each roll, if the POINT appears again, the roller wins.
  115.    At each roll, if a 7 comes up, the house wins.
  116.    Keep rolling until the POINT or a 7 comes up.
  117.  
  118. Then there are the players, and they are allowed to place their bets with
  119. either the roller or with the house.
  120.  
  121. -----
  122. My computations:
  123.  
  124.  
  125.  
  126.  
  127.  
  128. On the first roll, P.roller.trial(1) = 2/9, and P.house.trial(1) = 1/9.
  129. Let  P(x) stand for the probability of a 4,5,6,8,9,10 appearing.
  130. Then on the second and onwards rolls, the probability is:
  131.  
  132. Roller:
  133.                          ---                        (i - 2)
  134. P.roller.trial(i) =      \   P(x)   *   ((5/6 - P(x))         *   P(x)
  135. (i > 1)                  /
  136.                  ---
  137.                  x = 4,5,6,8,9,10
  138.  
  139. House:
  140.                         ---                        (i - 2)
  141. P.house.trial(i) =      \   P(x)   *   ((5/6 - P(x))         *   1/6
  142. (i > 1)                 /
  143.                 ---
  144.                 x = 4,5,6,8,9,10
  145.  
  146. Reasoning (roller): For the roller to win on the ith trial, a POINT
  147. should have appeared on the first trial (the first P(x) term), and the
  148. same POINT should appear on the ith trial (the last P(x) term). All the in
  149. between trials should come up with a number other than 7 or the POINT
  150. (hence the (5/6 - P(x)) term).
  151. Similar reasoning holds for the house.
  152.  
  153. The numbers are:
  154. P.roller.trial(i) (i > 1) =
  155.  
  156.                 (i-1)                 (i-1)                     (i-1)
  157.  1/72 * (27/36)      + 2/81 * (26/36)        + 25/648 * (25/36)
  158.  
  159.  
  160. P.house.trial(i) (i > 1) =
  161.  
  162.                 (i-1)                 (i-1)                     (i-1)
  163.  2/72 * (27/36)      + 3/81 * (26/36)        + 30/648 * (25/36)
  164.  
  165.  
  166. -------------------------------------------------
  167. The total probability comes to:
  168. P.roller = 2/9   +   (1/18 + 4/45 + 25/198)  = 0.4929292929292929..
  169. P.house  = 1/9   +   (1/9  + 2/15 + 15/99)  =  0.5070707070707070..
  170.  
  171. which is not even.
  172. ===========================================================================
  173.  
  174. ==
  175. Avinash Chopde                 (with standard disclaimer)
  176. abc@unhcs.unh.edu, abc@unh.unh.edu            {.....}!uunet!unh!abc
  177.  
  178. ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/clues.p <==
  179. What are some clues (indicators) used in cryptics?
  180.  
  181. Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu rec.puzzles:18144 news.answers:3075
  182. Newsgroups: rec.puzzles,news.answers
  183. Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!snorkelwacker.mit.edu!usc!wupost!darwin.sura.net!haven.umd.edu!uunet!questrel!chris
  184. From: uunet!questrel!chris (Chris Cole)
  185. Subject: rec.puzzles FAQ, part 8 of 15
  186. Message-ID: <puzzles-faq-8_717034101@questrel.com>
  187. Followup-To: rec.puzzles
  188. Summary: This posting contains a list of
  189.      Frequently Asked Questions (and their answers).
  190.      It should be read by anyone who wishes to
  191.      post to the rec.puzzles newsgroup.
  192. Sender: chris@questrel.com (Chris Cole)
  193. Reply-To: uunet!questrel!faql-comment
  194. Organization: Questrel, Inc.
  195. References: <puzzles-faq-1_717034101@questrel.com>
  196. Date: Mon, 21 Sep 1992 00:09:26 GMT
  197. Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
  198. Expires: Sat, 3 Apr 1993 00:08:21 GMT
  199. Lines: 2382
  200.  
  201. Archive-name: puzzles-faq/part08
  202. Last-modified: 1992/09/20
  203. Version: 3
  204.  
  205. ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/clues.s <==
  206. The following list is derived from indicators used in a variety of
  207. crosswords: the letters in the left column are the letters being
  208. indicated; the right hand column is how these letters might be
  209. indicated in a clue.
  210.  
  211. Caveat emptor: many of the entries in this list would be considered
  212. unsound in some puzzles (some of these unsound indicators are marked
  213. with a +). Entries marked * are used mostly in advanced cryptics.
  214.  
  215. I would welcome corrections and additions to the list.
  216.  
  217. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  218. a               Austria
  219. a               I
  220. a               academician
  221. a               accepted
  222. a               ace
  223. a               acre
  224. a               active
  225. a               adult
  226. a               advanced
  227. a               afternoon
  228. a               aleph
  229. a               alpha
  230. a               amateur
  231. a               ampere
  232. a               an/ane
  233. a               angstrom
  234. a               answer
  235. a               ante
  236. a               are (metric)
  237. a               articles - English
  238. a               associate
  239. a               atomic
  240. a               ay
  241. a               aye
  242. a               before
  243. a               blood group
  244. a               bomb
  245. a               effect
  246. a               examination
  247. a               fifty
  248. a               film
  249. a               first character
  250. a               first class
  251. a               first letter
  252. a               five hundred
  253. a               five thousand
  254. a               good
  255. a               high class
  256. a               it
  257. a               key +
  258. a               level
  259. a               midday
  260. a               note +
  261. a               one *
  262. a               paper
  263. a               road
  264. a               strings (violin)
  265. a               un
  266. a               unit
  267. a               violin string
  268. a               vitamin
  269. a               year
  270. aa              motoring organisation
  271. ab              able seaman
  272. ab              hand
  273. ab              rating
  274. ab              sailor/salt/seaman
  275. ab              tar
  276. abbe            priest (Fr.)
  277. abe             Lincoln
  278. abel            first victim
  279. abel            murder victim
  280. abel            second child
  281. abel            third man
  282. able            can
  283. able            expert
  284. abo             native
  285. ac              account
  286. ac              accountant
  287. ac              aircraftsman
  288. ac              alternating current
  289. ac              before Christ
  290. ac              bill
  291. ac              current
  292. aca             accountant
  293. acas            peacemakers
  294. acc             account
  295. acc             bill
  296. ace             card
  297. ace             champion
  298. ace             expert
  299. ace             one
  300. ace             pilot
  301. ace             service
  302. ace             winner
  303. act             decree
  304. act             performance
  305. actor           tree
  306. ad              Christian era
  307. ad              advertisement
  308. ad              after date
  309. ad              before the day
  310. ad              contemporary
  311. ad              in the modern age
  312. ad              in the year of our Lord
  313. ad              modern times
  314. ad              notice
  315. ad              now
  316. ad              nowadays
  317. ad              our time/era
  318. ad              period
  319. ad              present day
  320. ad              promotion
  321. ad              puff
  322. ad              this era
  323. ad              today
  324. adam            first character
  325. adam            first person
  326. adam            number one
  327. add             sum
  328. add             tot
  329. aden            port
  330. admin           management
  331. admin           running
  332. ado             business
  333. ado             difficulty
  334. ado             fuss
  335. ado             row
  336. ado             trouble
  337. ae              aged
  338. ae              poet
  339. aet             aged
  340. ag              silver
  341. aga             Muslim leader
  342. age             (long) time
  343. age             mature
  344. age             period
  345. agent           spy
  346. agm             annual meeting
  347. agm             meeting
  348. agm             yearly meeting
  349. ai              capital
  350. ai              first class
  351. ai              good
  352. ai              high class
  353. ai              main road
  354. ai              sloth
  355. ail             trouble
  356. ain             own (Scot.)
  357. air             appearance
  358. air             display
  359. air             song
  360. aire            river
  361. ait             island
  362. al              Alabama
  363. al              Alan
  364. al              Albania
  365. al              Albert
  366. al              Capone
  367. al              aluminium
  368. al              gangster
  369. al              one pound
  370. ala             Alabama
  371. ala             after the style of
  372. ala             in the style of
  373. ala             to the (Fr.)
  374. ala             wings
  375. alas            Alaska
  376. alb             one pound
  377. ale             beer
  378. aleph           Hebrew letter
  379. all             completely
  380. all             everybody
  381. all             everything
  382. alp             mountain
  383. alp             peak
  384. alph            river
  385. alpha           Greek letter
  386. alpha           beginning
  387. alpha           first character
  388. alpha           first letter
  389. am              America
  390. am              American
  391. am              I am
  392. am              admitting
  393. am              boasting
  394. am              half day
  395. am              hymns
  396. am              in the morning
  397. am              morning
  398. am              self-confessed
  399. amen            final word
  400. amen            last word
  401. amer            American
  402. ammo            missiles
  403. amos            bookmaker
  404. amp             one member
  405. an              I
  406. an              articles - English
  407. an              before
  408. an              if (old word)
  409. an              one *
  410. an              un
  411. ana             tales
  412. ane             I
  413. ane             one
  414. ane             one
  415. ankh            life symbol
  416. anne            princess
  417. anon            now
  418. ans             answer
  419. ans             brief reply
  420. ans             collection
  421. ans             short answer
  422. ant             if it (old word)
  423. ant             six-footer
  424. ant             social worker
  425. ant             soldier
  426. ant             worker
  427. ape             copy
  428. ape             primate
  429. aq              water
  430. ar              arrive/arrival
  431. ar              year of reign
  432. ara             academician
  433. ara             artist
  434. ara             painter
  435. arab            horse
  436. arc             curve
  437. argo            old ship
  438. aria            song
  439. arm             gun
  440. arm             limb
  441. arm             member
  442. arr             arrive/arrival
  443. art             contrivance
  444. art             craft
  445. art             cunning
  446. art             painting
  447. art             skill
  448. as              Anglo-Saxon
  449. as              ayes
  450. as              ays
  451. as              like
  452. as              one's
  453. as              specifically
  454. as              when
  455. ash             remains
  456. ash             tree
  457. asia            continent
  458. aside           one fifteen
  459. asis            existing state
  460. asp             snake
  461. ass             donkey
  462. asti            wine
  463. ate             goddess
  464. ate             mischief
  465. athena          goddess
  466. ation           at one on
  467. atoll           bikini
  468. au              gold
  469. au              to the (Fr.)
  470. aus             Australia
  471. aux             to the (Fr.)
  472. av              bible
  473. av              lived so long
  474. ave             average
  475. ave             greeting
  476. ave             hail
  477. ave             road
  478. ave             way
  479. aver            average
  480. avon            county
  481. ay              I
  482. ay              agreement
  483. ay              always
  484. ay              ever
  485. ay              yes
  486. aye             I
  487. aye             I say
  488. aye             agreement
  489. aye             always
  490. aye             ever
  491. aye             yes
  492. az              Azed
  493. az              scope, plenty of
  494. b               Bach
  495. b               Beethoven
  496. b               Belgium
  497. b               Brahms
  498. b               Britain
  499. b               British
  500. b               a follower
  501. b               bachelor
  502. b               baron
  503. b               bedbug
  504. b               bee
  505. b               bel
  506. b               beta
  507. b               beth
  508. b               bishop
  509. b               black
  510. b               blood group
  511. b               bloody
  512. b               book *
  513. b               born
  514. b               boron
  515. b               bowled
  516. b               boy
  517. b               breadth
  518. b               inferior
  519. b               key +
  520. b               magnetic flux
  521. b               note +
  522. b               paper
  523. b               second
  524. b               second class
  525. b               second letter
  526. b               three hundred
  527. b               three thousand
  528. b               vitamin
  529. ba              Bachelor of Arts
  530. ba              airline
  531. ba              bachelor
  532. ba              barium
  533. ba              degree
  534. ba              graduate
  535. ba              scholar
  536. bac             airline
  537. bacon           philosopher
  538. ban             curse
  539. ban             outlaw
  540. ban             prohibition
  541. bar             Inn
  542. bar             lawyers
  543. bar             prevent
  544. bar             save
  545. barb            horse
  546. bat             fly-by-night
  547. bb              bees
  548. bb              books
  549. bb              very black
  550. bc              ancient times
  551. bc              before Christ
  552. bc              period
  553. bd              beady
  554. bd              bound
  555. bd              cleric
  556. bd              theologian
  557. be              exist
  558. be              live
  559. bea             airline
  560. bear            speculator
  561. bed             in bed
  562. bee             buzzer
  563. bee             group of workers
  564. bee             six-footer
  565. bee             social worker
  566. bee             worker
  567. bef             Gort's men
  568. bess            queen
  569. beta            Greek letter
  570. beth            Hebrew letter
  571. bi              double
  572. bi              two (double)
  573. bird            prison
  574. bis             two (twice)
  575. bit             chewed
  576. bit             piece
  577. biz             business
  578. bk              book
  579. bl              British company
  580. bl              lawman
  581. bl              lawyer
  582. blue            Conservative
  583. bm              British Museum
  584. bm              doctor
  585. bo              American man
  586. boa             snake
  587. board           directors
  588. bob             old shilling
  589. bp              bishop
  590. br              Britain
  591. br              British
  592. br              British Rail
  593. br              bank rate
  594. br              branch
  595. br              bridge
  596. br              brig
  597. br              brother
  598. br              brown *
  599. br              lines/landline
  600. br              railway(s)
  601. br              trains
  602. br              transport
  603. bra             female support(er)
  604. bra             support
  605. bra             undergarment
  606. brass           money
  607. brat            child
  608. bren            gun
  609. brer            rabbit
  610. bridal          old wedding
  611. bro             brother
  612. bs              bees
  613. bst             summer time
  614. bull            American policeman
  615. bull            gold
  616. bus             transport
  617. c               Celsius/centigrade
  618. c               Charles
  619. c               Conservative
  620. c               Cuba
  621. c               about (approx.)
  622. c               approx(imately)
  623. c               around
  624. c               cape
  625. c               caput
  626. c               carbon
  627. c               caught
  628. c               cedi
  629. c               cent/centime
  630. c               centi-
  631. c               century
  632. c               chapter
  633. c               circa
  634. c               club
  635. c               cold
  636. c               complex number
  637. c               copyright
  638. c               coulomb
  639. c               electrical capacity
  640. c               hundred
  641. c               hundred thousand
  642. c               key +
  643. c               lot
  644. c               many
  645. c               note +
  646. c               roughly
  647. c               sea
  648. c               see
  649. c               speed of light
  650. c               spring
  651. c               tap
  652. c               vitamin
  653. ca              about (approx.)
  654. ca              accountant
  655. ca              approx(imately)
  656. ca              calcium
  657. ca              roughly
  658. cab             transport
  659. cade            conspirator
  660. cain            first murderer
  661. cain            killer
  662. cain            murderer
  663. cal             California
  664. cam             river
  665. can             able to +
  666. can             is able to
  667. can             prison
  668. can             vessel
  669. cantuar         archbishop
  670. cap             chapter
  671. cap             international
  672. car             carat
  673. car             transport
  674. carnation       motor race
  675. cart            transport
  676. cat             jazz fan
  677. cato            censor
  678. cattle          neat
  679. cave            warning
  680. cb              Seabee (Amer.)
  681. cc              county council
  682. cc              seas
  683. cc              small measure
  684. cc              small quantity
  685. cc              two hundred
  686. cd              diplomat
  687. cd              seedy
  688. ce              Church of England
  689. ce              church
  690. ce              engineers
  691. ce              this (Fr.)
  692. cent            money
  693. cet             this (Fr.)
  694. ch              China
  695. ch              Companion of Honour
  696. ch              Switzerland
  697. ch              award
  698. ch              central heating
  699. ch              champion
  700. ch              chapter
  701. ch              chief
  702. ch              child
  703. ch              church
  704. ch              companion
  705. ch              honour
  706. ch              order
  707. cha             tea
  708. chai            gypsy woman
  709. chair           president
  710. chal            gypsy
  711. char            daily
  712. che             guerrilla
  713. che             revolutionary
  714. cher            dear (Fr.)
  715. chere           dear (Fr.)
  716. chi             Greek letter
  717. ci              Channel Islands
  718. ci              hundred and one
  719. cia             secret service
  720. cia             spies
  721. cid             captain
  722. cid             chief
  723. cid             detectives
  724. cid             police
  725. cid             spanish hero
  726. cinc            commander
  727. cl              chlorine
  728. cl              class
  729. cl              clause
  730. cl              gas - chlorine
  731. cl              hundred and fifty
  732. co              Colombia
  733. co              business
  734. co              care of
  735. co              cobalt
  736. co              commander
  737. co              commanding officer
  738. co              company
  739. co              county
  740. co              firm
  741. co              gas - carbon monoxide
  742. co              house
  743. co              objector
  744. co              officer
  745. cod             fish
  746. cod             swimmer
  747. col             neck
  748. col             pass
  749. cole            old king
  750. colon           stop
  751. com             commander
  752. comb            hairdresser
  753. composer        scorer
  754. con             Conservative
  755. con             against
  756. con             party
  757. con             politician
  758. con             study
  759. con             swindle
  760. con             trick
  761. cooler          prison
  762. core            decentralise
  763. corn            naval commander
  764. cot             bed
  765. cot             house
  766. cow             lower
  767. cow             neat
  768. cr              credit
  769. cr              crown
  770. cr              king
  771. cs              Civil Service
  772. cs              Czechoslovakia
  773. cs              hundreds
  774. cs              seas
  775. ct              Connecticut
  776. ct              carat
  777. ct              caught
  778. ct              cent/centime
  779. ct              court
  780. ct              small weight
  781. ct              weight
  782. cu              copper
  783. cu              see you
  784. cue             queue
  785. cure            priest (Fr.)
  786. cutie           pretty girl
  787. cv              autobiography
  788. cy              see why
  789. d               (old) penny
  790. d               Dee
  791. d               Democrat
  792. d               Deutsch
  793. d               Germany
  794. d               Schubert's works
  795. d               copper
  796. d               damn
  797. d               date
  798. d               daughter
  799. d               day
  800. d               dead/died
  801. d               deci
  802. d               degree
  803. d               delete
  804. d               delta
  805. d               deserted
  806. d               deuterium
  807. d               diameter
  808. d               diamond
  809. d               differential operator
  810. d               electrical flux
  811. d               five hundred
  812. d               four
  813. d               four thousand
  814. d               hundreds
  815. d               key +
  816. d               lot
  817. d               many +
  818. d               mark
  819. d               note +
  820. d               notice
  821. d               number
  822. d               strings (violin)
  823. d               violin string
  824. d               vitamin
  825. da              American lawyer
  826. da              District Attorney
  827. da              agreement - foreign (Russ.)
  828. da              dagger *
  829. da              lawman
  830. da              lawyer
  831. da              yes (Russ.)
  832. dab             expert
  833. dad             father
  834. dad             old man
  835. dail            Irish house
  836. dam             barrier
  837. dam             mother
  838. dam             restrain
  839. dame            lady
  840. dan             tribe
  841. das             articles - German
  842. das             the (Ger.)
  843. dc              Washington
  844. dc              Washington
  845. dc              current
  846. dd              cleric
  847. dd              days
  848. dd              divine
  849. dd              doctor
  850. dd              doctor of divinity
  851. dd              theologian
  852. de              from (Fr.)
  853. de              of (Fr.)
  854. dean            good man
  855. dec             Christmas period
  856. dec             last month
  857. decanter        Tantalus' prisoner
  858. dee             river
  859. deed            indeed
  860. deed            legal document
  861. deep            in the main
  862. deep            main
  863. deep            sea
  864. deg             degree
  865. del             of the (Ital.)
  866. dela            from the (Fr.)
  867. dela            of the (Fr.)
  868. demi            half
  869. den             retreat
  870. den             study
  871. der             articles - German
  872. der             the (Ger.)
  873. derby           horse race
  874. des             of the (Fr.)
  875. det             detective
  876. di              double
  877. di              five hundred and one
  878. di              princess
  879. di              two (double)
  880. die             articles - German
  881. die             the (Ger.)
  882. dime            12.5 cents
  883. dior            designer
  884. dis             Hell
  885. dis             Pluto
  886. dis             underworld
  887. disc            circle
  888. disc            record
  889. disc            ring
  890. dish            pretty girl
  891. dit             named
  892. dit             reported
  893. dit             said (Fr.)
  894. dit             say (Fr.)
  895. diy             amateur's department
  896. dk              Denmark
  897. dm              mark
  898. do              (the) same
  899. do              act
  900. do              cheat
  901. do              cook
  902. do              ditto
  903. do              note
  904. do              party
  905. do              work
  906. dodo            double act
  907. doh             note
  908. don             fellow
  909. don             nobleman
  910. don             put on
  911. don             university teacher
  912. down            county
  913. dr              dead reckoning
  914. dr              doctor
  915. dr              dram
  916. dr              drawer
  917. dr              healer
  918. drake           bowler
  919. dt              alcoholic state
  920. dt              psychotic state
  921. du              from the (Fr.)
  922. du              of the (Fr.)
  923. dutch           wife
  924. e               Asian
  925. e               Edward
  926. e               Elizabeth
  927. e               England/English
  928. e               Spain
  929. e               boat
  930. e               bridge players
  931. e               direction
  932. e               east/eastern
  933. e               eight
  934. e               eight thousand
  935. e               energy +
  936. e               epsilon
  937. e               eta
  938. e               five
  939. e               five thousand
  940. e               key +
  941. e               layer
  942. e               logarithm base
  943. e               low grade
  944. e               note +
  945. e               orient
  946. e               oriental
  947. e               point
  948. e               quarter
  949. e               strings (violin)
  950. e               two hundred and fifty
  951. e               two hundred and fifty thousand
  952. e               universal set
  953. e               violin string
  954. e               vitamin
  955. ea              East Africa
  956. ea              each
  957. ea              river *
  958. ea              running water
  959. ea              water
  960. ear             listener
  961. ear             organ
  962. ear             spike *
  963. earp            lawman
  964. eat             Tanzania
  965. ebor            archbishop
  966. ec              London district
  967. ec              city
  968. eccles          Cakesville
  969. ed              Edward
  970. ed              editor
  971. ed              journalist
  972. eden            garden
  973. eden            old Prime Minister
  974. eden            paradise
  975. edison          inventor
  976. edit            censor
  977. ee              ease
  978. eel             fish
  979. eel             swimmer
  980. eer             always
  981. eer             ever
  982. eer             invariably
  983. eg              for example
  984. eg              for instance
  985. egg             bomb
  986. egg             cocktail
  987. egg             encourage
  988. eight           rowing boat
  989. ein             number one (Ger.)
  990. el              American railway
  991. el              American railway
  992. el              articles - Spanish
  993. el              measure
  994. el              printer's measure
  995. el              small measure
  996. el              the (Span.)
  997. eld             old age
  998. eli             priest
  999. eli             prophet
  1000. elia            writer
  1001. ell             four feet
  1002. ell             length
  1003. ell             measure
  1004. ely             city
  1005. ely             city
  1006. ely             see
  1007. em              measure
  1008. em              printer's measure
  1009. em              small measure
  1010. em              small square
  1011. em              them
  1012. en              measure
  1013. en              printer's measure
  1014. en              small measure
  1015. eng             England/English
  1016. ent             otorhinolaryngology
  1017. entry           record
  1018. eon             age
  1019. eon             time
  1020. ep              record
  1021. er              Cockney girl
  1022. er              QE
  1023. er              difficulty
  1024. er              ever
  1025. er              hesitation
  1026. er              king
  1027. er              monarch
  1028. er              queen
  1029. er              royal badge
  1030. era             generation
  1031. erasmus         old scholar
  1032. ere             always
  1033. ere             before
  1034. ergo            so
  1035. eric            gradually
  1036. erie            lake
  1037. err             blunder
  1038. err             sin
  1039. err             wander
  1040. erse            Gaelic
  1041. es              French art
  1042. es              ease
  1043. esp             sixth sense
  1044.